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In classical Indian logic, particularly within the Nyāya system, Hetvabhas refers to fallacies or defects in reasoning that occur in an argument’s middle term, or *hetu* (reason), which leads to invalid inference. A proper inference requires the *hetu* to be present in the subject and in similar instances, and absent in dissimilar instances. Hetvabhas are deviations from this ideal, resulting in unsound or ____ _______ _______ ______ _________ _______ __________ ___ _________ __________.
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