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In Green Chemistry, atom economy is an important concept that measures the efficiency of a chemical reaction in incorporating all reactant atoms into the desired product. Substitution reactions often demonstrate lower atom economy because some atoms from the reactants are lost as by-products. For example, consider the chlorination of methane to produce chloromethane: CH₄ + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + _____ __________ __________ _______ _________ ______ _________ __________ _______ ______.
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