Give clinical and sub-clinical forms of PEM. What characteristic features you will observe for differentiating between marasmus and kwashiorkor? c) List various causes of PEM in children.

Clinical and Sub-Clinical Forms of Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM): Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) refers to a condition where inadequate intake of protein and calories leads to impaired growth and development. It can manifest in clinical and sub-clinical forms.

Clinical forms of PEM include:

1. Marasmus: This severe form is characterized by extreme weight loss, muscle wasting, and general emaciation. Children with marasmus appear frail, with little to no subcutaneous fat. They have a "skin and bones" appearance due to overall tissue wasting.

2. Kwashiorkor: This form involves edema (fluid accumulation) _____ _____ ___ _________ _____ _____ ____.
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