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During the period from the 16th to the mid-18th century in India, the agrarian society was highly stratified, and peasants formed the backbone of the economy. Agriculture was the primary occupation for the majority of the population, and peasants occupied different positions based on land tenure, social status, and obligations towards landlords and the state. The categorization of peasants during this period can broadly be understood through several factors, including the type of land they cultivated, their relationship with landlords, and their hereditary or occupational specialization. One of the prominent categories of peasants was ryots or tenant cultivators. These were farmers who did not own the land but cultivated it in return for a share of the produce or a fixed rent. In many regions, ryots had a hereditary claim to the land they tilled, though ultimate ownership often rested with the state or local landlords. The relationship between the ryots and the state varied across regions. In the Mughal empire, for instance, ryots were expected to pay revenue directly to the imperial administration, which was assessed based on the fertility of the land and the type of crop. The ryot system required careful accounting __________ ________ ___ _______ _____.
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