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During the period from the 16th to the mid-18th century in India, the agrarian society was highly stratified, and peasants formed the backbone of the economy. Agriculture was the primary occupation for the majority of the population, and peasants occupied different positions based on land tenure, social status, and obligations towards landlords and the state. The categorization of peasants during this period can broadly be understood through several factors, including the type of land they cultivated, their relationship with landlords, and their hereditary or occupational specialization. One of the prominent categories of peasants was ryots or tenant cultivators. These were farmers who did not own the land but cultivated it in return for a share of the produce or a fixed rent. In many regions, ryots had a hereditary claim to the land they tilled, though ultimate ownership often rested with the state or local landlords. The relationship between the ryots and the state varied across regions. In the Mughal empire, for instance, ryots were expected to pay revenue directly to the imperial administration, which was assessed based on the fertility of the land and the type of crop. The ryot system required careful accounting of produce, and these peasants were usually free to manage agricultural operations on their land, though they were under pressure to meet revenue demands, which could be severe during periods of drought or famine. Another category was bargadars or sharecroppers. These peasants did not own land and instead cultivated land belonging to landlords or zamindars in exchange for a portion of the harvest, often half or more of the produce. This system was particularly prevalent in regions such as Bengal and parts of the Deccan. The sharecroppers were often vulnerable to exploitation due to the landlords’ control over ___ ________ ______ _______ _____ _________ ________ ___.
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