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The growth of social anthropology in India has been shaped by historical, cultural, and academic factors, reflecting the interplay between indigenous social structures and external scholarly influences. Social anthropology, as a distinct discipline, emerged during the colonial period, influenced initially by British scholars who sought to understand Indian society in the context of governance and administration. Early anthropological work in India was closely linked with colonial objectives, as administrators required systematic knowledge of the diverse social, cultural, and tribal populations to implement policies effectively. Scholars such as Herbert Risley and John Henry Hutton were instrumental in conducting ethnographic surveys that focused on caste, tribe, and kinship systems, laying the groundwork for anthropological inquiry. Risley's work on caste and his attempt to categorize Indian society through anthropometric methods reflected the early British approach of applying European frameworks to the Indian context. Hutton, on the other hand, emphasized fieldwork and a more nuanced understanding of tribal societies in the northeastern regions of India, marking a shift toward empirical and immersive research methodologies. The establishment of formal anthropological institutions played a crucial role in consolidating the growth of social anthropology in India. The Anthropological Survey of India, founded in 1945 by the Government of India, became the primary center for research, documentation, and dissemination of anthropological knowledge. Its objectives included studying tribal populations, folk cultures, languages, and social organizations, providing a structured approach to anthropological research in the country. The post-independence period saw a significant expansion in the scope and methodology of social anthropology, moving beyond colonial administrative concerns to address broader questions of social change, development, and nation-building. Indian scholars began to contextualize anthropological theories within the local social realities, emphasizing cultural relativism and the study of indigenous knowledge systems. Figures like N.K. Bose, M.N. Srinivas, and G.S. Ghurye became pivotal in shaping the discipline. Ghurye, often regarded as the father of Indian sociology and anthropology, integrated sociological perspectives with anthropological inquiry, emphasizing caste, __________ ____ ___ ________ ______ __________ __________ _______ __________ _____ ________.
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