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The growth of social anthropology in India has been shaped by a combination of indigenous intellectual traditions, colonial administrative needs, and post-independence academic developments. Social anthropology, as a branch of anthropology concerned with the study of human societies, cultures, and social structures, emerged in India as a field that both intersected with and diverged from sociology, ethnology, and cultural studies. Its development can be traced through distinct historical phases, each marked by changes in methodology, subject matter, and institutional support. During the pre-colonial period, India already had a rich tradition of social thought and ethnographic description embedded in ancient texts, travelogues, and local chronicles. Works such as the *Arthashastra*, the *Manusmriti*, and regional historical records included systematic observations about caste, kinship, marriage, and governance. However, these were not anthropology in the modern academic sense; they were normative or prescriptive accounts rooted in religious and philosophical frameworks. Ethnographic curiosity was also visible in the writings of medieval travellers such as Al-Biruni, Ibn Battuta, and the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang, whose accounts contained valuable descriptions of social customs and institutions. While these sources were important, they lacked the comparative and analytical orientation that defines modern social anthropology. The emergence of anthropology as a scientific discipline in India was closely linked to the colonial period, particularly the 18th and 19th centuries, when British administrators, missionaries, and scholars undertook extensive documentation ____ _______ __________ __________ ______.
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