Give an account for the disintegration of the Turkish Sultanate.

Muslim society during the period was dominated by the Turkish rulers and nobles who sought to maintain their position not only against non-Muslims or the Muslims of indigenous origin, but also against other non-Turkish immigrants, or over other Turks whose long separation from the Turkish homeland marked them off themselves. It can be argued that most of the sultans and nobles were ultimately Turkish in origin, even though they bear different designations, but the first hundred years of the Delhi Sultanate was clearly a period of Turkish supremacy: rule by groups that regarded themselves as Turks, and heirs of a definite cultural and historical tradition. During this time they produced not only three great rulers, Iltutmish, Ala-ud-din Khalji, and Balban, but also a great poet—Amir Khusrau.

One of the most interesting features of Islamic society during the sultanate is the long struggle of Indian Muslims—Hindu and Buddhist converts or their descendants—to assert themselves. They tried to gain power in the middle of the thirteenth century, but Balban and other Turkish nobles were too powerful for them. Their position gradually improved under the Khaljis, and under the Tughluqs a distinct change can be seen. Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq had an Indian mother, Muhammed Tughluq appointed a Hindu as the governor of Upper Sind, and the dominant personality of the reign of Firuz Tughluq was Khan-i-Jahan, a Hindu convert from Telingana.

Although it took a long time for the Indo-Muslims to reach positions of power, local usages and customs influenced social life and behavior at an early period. The Indian pan (betel leaf) soon _____ _____ ___ ___ ______ ______ _____ _____.
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