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The concepts of gender and sex are fundamental to the study of social sciences because they help explain human identity, social relationships, roles, and inequalities. Although these terms are often used interchangeably in everyday language, they have distinct meanings. Understanding the difference between gender and sex is essential for analyzing social structures, cultural practices, and patterns of discrimination. Sex refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that distinguish males, females, and intersex individuals. It is determined by genetic factors, reproductive organs, hormones, and physical attributes. Biological sex is generally assigned at birth based on observable physical characteristics. Males typically possess XY chromosomes, testes, and produce sperm, while females usually have XX chromosomes, ovaries, and the capacity for pregnancy. However, biological variations exist, and intersex individuals may possess characteristics that do not fit the typical definitions of male or female. Gender, on the other ____ __________ ______ _____ __________ _________ _________ _________ _______.
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