Explain the transformation of Indian agriculture from its traditional to the modern phase during the 1960s to 1990s.
The transformation of Indian agriculture from its traditional to the modern phase between the 1960s and 1990s marked a significant shift in agricultural practices, technological advancements, policy changes, and economic outcomes. This period witnessed a profound change in how agriculture was practiced in India, driven largely by government interventions, the introduction of new technology, and the integration of scientific advancements into farming practices.
In the traditional phase, Indian agriculture was largely characterized by subsistence farming. Most farmers worked with low levels of productivity, utilizing traditional tools and methods handed down through generations. Agriculture was labor-intensive, with a heavy reliance on rainfall and low external inputs. Crop rotation, organic fertilizers, and manual labor dominated the farming landscape. The focus was primarily on growing food crops for local consumption, and the yields were generally low, resulting in periodic famines and food _____ ____ ________ ________ _________ _____ ___ _____ ________.
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