Explain the term Packet Sniffing. Differentiate between Active Sniffing and Passive Sniffing. Why is passive sniffing ineffective?

Packet sniffing refers to the process of intercepting and capturing data packets that are transmitted over a network. It involves monitoring and analyzing the traffic that flows through a network to capture sensitive data or inspect the communication between devices. This technique is often employed for network analysis, troubleshooting, or in some cases, malicious activity like eavesdropping or stealing sensitive information. Packet sniffing can be done using various tools and software, many of which are built in programming languages like Python. Python libraries like `scapy` and `socket` are frequently used for this purpose due to their versatility and ease of use.

When it comes to packet sniffing, it can be broadly classified into two categories: active sniffing and passive sniffing. These methods differ in their approach to intercepting and analyzing the traffic on the network.

### Active Sniffing

Active sniffing involves actively engaging with the network in a way that allows the attacker (or network administrator) to intercept and analyze the data packets. In active sniffing, the sniffer actively interacts with the network by injecting malicious data, causing devices on the network to transmit data to the attacker. This method is usually implemented on a switched network, where switches direct data only to specific devices based on MAC addresses.

In the case of active sniffing, one common technique is ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) spoofing or ARP poisoning. In this _____ ________ ___ __________ ______ _______ __________ _______ ___ ________ ___.
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