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The CF₀–CF₁ ATP synthase complex is a membrane-bound enzyme system present in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts and plays a central role in photophosphorylation during photosynthesis. It catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate by utilizing the proton motive force generated across the thylakoid membrane during the light reactions. Structurally and functionally, the complex is analogous to the F₀–F₁ ATP synthase of mitochondria but has distinct features adapted to the chloroplast environment. The complex consists of two major components: CF₀, which _____ ______ _______ ____ ____.
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