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Political parties and pressure groups form the backbone of modern democratic politics, serving as primary channels through which citizens express preferences, influence policy, and participate in governance. Their relevance can be analyzed comparatively by examining their roles, functions, and variations across political systems such as the United States and the United Kingdom, as well as in other democracies. Political parties are organized groups of individuals with shared political ideologies, goals, or policy preferences, aiming to gain control of government institutions through elections. They play a central role in _________ ____ ______ ______ _____ __________ __________ _______ __________.
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