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Gene expression in prokaryotes is tightly regulated to ensure that proteins are synthesized only when needed, conserving cellular resources. The operon model, first proposed by Jacob and Monod, illustrates how groups of genes can be coordinately controlled by regulatory elements. An operon typically consists of structural genes, a promoter, an operator, and regulatory genes that encode repressors or activators. Positive regulation involves the activation of _____ _________ ____ _______ __________ ___ __________ ______ ______.
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