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The principle governing liability for joint or group crimes is rooted in the concept that when two or more individuals act together to commit a criminal offense, each participant can be held responsible for the acts carried out in furtherance of the common intention or plan. This principle ensures that the law recognizes collective responsibility, preventing individuals from escaping liability merely because they acted in concert with others. Substantive law defines the nature of the liability and the conditions under which individuals are held accountable, while procedural law outlines the methods for investigating, prosecuting, and adjudicating such crimes. Under substantive law, the key principle is “common intention” or “common object.” Section 34 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) provides _________ _____ __________ ________ ________ ____ _____ ____.
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