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Cyberspace, while offering immense advantages in terms of communication, information exchange, and convenience, also presents significant security challenges. The rapid expansion of digital platforms, cloud computing, and interconnected devices has given rise to several threats. These threats can cause severe damage to businesses, governments, and individuals. Among the most common security issues in cyberspace are malware, phishing, data breaches, ransomware, and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. Additionally, issues such as identity theft, insider threats, and the security of Internet of Things (IoT) devices contribute to the vulnerability of cyberspace. Malware, short for malicious software, is one of the most widely encountered security threats in cyberspace. It refers to software specifically designed to disrupt, damage, or gain unauthorized access to computer systems. Common types of malware include viruses, worms, Trojans, spyware, and adware. Viruses attach themselves to legitimate files, replicating and spreading across systems, while worms are self-replicating programs that spread across networks. Trojans masquerade as legitimate software but contain hidden malicious code that can steal information or grant unauthorized access. Spyware tracks a user’s actions without their consent, often harvesting sensitive information like passwords, financial details, and browsing _______ _________ ____ ___ __________ ___ ________ ________ ______.
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