Explain the main architectural differences between the von Neumann architecture and Harvard architecture with the help of a diagram of each.

Von Neumann and Harvard architectures are two foundational models in computer organization, differing primarily in their approach to memory and processing systems. These differences impact the way each architecture handles data and instructions during program execution.

### Von Neumann Architecture
In von Neumann architecture, the computer uses a single memory system for both instructions (program code) and data. This means both data and instructions are stored in the same memory and are accessed sequentially, often referred to as the "stored-program concept." In this system, a central processing unit (CPU) executes instructions one at a time. 

A key feature of von Neumann architecture is the use of a single bus for data and instruction transfer. The CPU fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, and then executes them, with the same bus used for both fetching data and instructions. This shared memory leads to the phenomenon known as the "von Neumann bottleneck," where the system’s performance is limited by the __________ __________ ____ _________ _______ ______ _________ ______.
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