Explain the history of Population Studies and throw light on the early demographers of the 19th century.

Population studies, as an academic discipline, has evolved over centuries, driven by the need to understand demographic trends and their implications for society. The history of population studies is rooted in the observation of human population growth, migration, fertility rates, and their relationship with social and economic development. While demographic data collection dates back to ancient civilizations, it was during the 17th and 18th centuries that population studies began to take shape as a field of scientific inquiry.

The foundations of modern population studies can be traced to the work of scholars in early Europe. In the 17th century, John Graunt, an English merchant, published "Natural and Political Observations Made upon the Bills of Mortality" in 1662. This work is often considered the first attempt at systematically analyzing population data. Graunt’s study focused on mortality rates in London, and he introduced the concept of life expectancy, helping to lay the groundwork for later demographic studies. His work was pivotal in _________ _______ ________ __________ ______ ___ __________ ___ _________ ______ _____ _______.
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