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The understanding of mental illness has evolved significantly over time, shaped by cultural, philosophical, and scientific developments. In ancient societies, mental illness was often perceived through supernatural or religious lenses. Early civilizations, such as those in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Greece, attributed abnormal behavior to divine punishment, evil spirits, or displeasure of the gods. Treatments during this period were primarily spiritual or ritualistic, including exorcisms, prayers, and offerings. In some cases, more invasive methods like trepanation—drilling holes into the skull to release harmful spirits—were used, reflecting a limited understanding of the mind-body connection. In classical Greece and Rome, perspectives began to shift towards more natural explanations. Greek physicians such as Hippocrates proposed that mental disorders resulted from imbalances in the four bodily ____ ___ _________ ___ _________ ___ _____ _________ __________.
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