Explain the historical context of land tenure system in Medieval India.

system in the sultanate and mughal period!

Sultanate Period:

The Sultans took several measures to increase their revenue.

Following were the chief sources of their revenue:

The khiraj or Land Revenue:

Land revenue was the major source of the income. It was generally realized at 1/5 of the total produce thought the Sultans like Ala-ud-Din Khilji and Muhammed Tughlak raised it to 1/2 of the produce.

The Jazia Tax:

It was imposed only on the Non-Muslims. It is believed that children, women and friars were exempted from its payment. It was realized at the rate of 10 to 40 takas depending on the payer’s income.

The Octroi Duty:

It was realized on the exchange and transportation of commercial goods. Import tax was levied on goods imported from other countries. It was between 2 ½ % to 10%.

The Zakat Tax:

It was a negligible tax supposed to be paid by all the Muslims.

Other Source of Income:

Other sources of income included state’s share in booty which was calculated at 1/5 of the plunder plus gifts, tributes etc. from the subordinate rulers.

Mughal Period:

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