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Sure, let's delve into these logic concepts as they relate to artificial intelligence and knowledge management:

(i) Modus Tollens:

Modus Tollens is a fundamental rule of inference in logic that establishes the relationship between conditional statements and their contrapositives. It operates on the principle of denying the consequent. In simple terms, if we have a conditional statement in the form "If A, then B," and we know that B is false, then we can logically infer that A must also be false.

The structure of Modus Tollens is as follows:

1. If A, then B. (Premise)
2. Not B. (Contradictory or opposite of the consequent)
3. Therefore, Not A. (Logical deduction)

For instance, consider the statement:
If it's raining, then the ground is wet.

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