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The Paris Agreement on Climate Change is considered one of the most significant international accords aimed at addressing the urgent challenge of global climate change. It was adopted in December 2015 during the 21st Conference of Parties (COP21) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and came into force in November 2016. Unlike earlier climate treaties such as the Kyoto Protocol, which imposed legally binding emission reduction targets only on developed countries, the Paris Agreement brought all nations, both developed and developing, together into a common framework with the goal of combating climate change and adapting to its impacts. Its features reflect a balance between ambition, flexibility, and inclusiveness, making it a landmark step toward global climate governance. A key feature of the Paris Agreement is its central objective of limiting the rise in global average temperature. The agreement aims to hold the increase in global temperature to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to restrict it even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius. This goal is critical because scientific evidence has shown that exceeding the 2-degree threshold would lead to severe, widespread, and potentially irreversible consequences for ecosystems, human health, food security, and overall planetary stability. By including the 1.5-degree ambition, the agreement responded to the demands of vulnerable nations, particularly small island states and least developed countries, which face existential threats from rising sea levels and extreme weather events. Another defining feature of the Paris Agreement is its bottom-up approach through nationally determined contributions (NDCs). Unlike a top-down treaty that imposes uniform targets, the Paris Agreement allows each country to set its own climate action plan according to its national circumstances, priorities, and capabilities. These NDCs are voluntary in design, yet they are expected to represent a progression over time, with each new submission more ambitious than the previous one. Countries are required to communicate and update their NDCs every five years, ensuring a cycle of increasing ambition. Although ______ _______ _____ ______ _______ ______.
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