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Conservation agricultural practices have become one of the central strategies in addressing the dual challenges of climate change mitigation and adaptation. These practices focus on managing soils, crops, and farming systems in ways that improve their resilience to climate variability, enhance productivity, and at the same time contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. A key aspect of conservation agriculture is its ability to enhance soil organic carbon and soil health, which play crucial roles in maintaining ecosystem services, improving agricultural productivity, and contributing to climate change mitigation. Soil organic carbon is an essential component of soil organic matter, and its enrichment ensures greater fertility, better water retention, and enhanced biological activity. Practices that build soil organic carbon not only improve the adaptive capacity of farming systems but also mitigate climate change by sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide into the soil. One of the most important practices is minimum or zero tillage. Traditional plough-based tillage disturbs soil structure, exposes soil organic matter to oxidation, and leads to rapid loss of carbon into the atmosphere. In contrast, minimum tillage reduces soil disturbance, preserves soil aggregates, and minimizes the breakdown of organic matter. This promotes carbon sequestration in the soil and enhances microbial activity. Over time, soils under zero tillage systems accumulate higher levels of organic carbon in the topsoil, improve soil porosity, and reduce erosion. Additionally, reduced fuel use in tillage operations also helps mitigate carbon emissions. Farmers adopting conservation tillage often combine it with crop residue retention, which further enhances soil carbon stocks and provides soil cover against erosion. Crop residue management is another significant conservation practice. Instead of burning or removing crop residues, ___ __________ ______ _______ _________ _____ _____ _____ ______ _______.
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