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A Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) is an advanced information system designed to assist decision-makers in analyzing spatial problems and making informed choices where geographic or spatial data plays a central role. It integrates geographic information systems (GIS), database management systems (DBMS), and analytical models to support decision-making processes, particularly in complex situations involving multiple criteria, uncertainty, and geographic variability. SDSS provides a framework in which spatial data, analytical tools, and interactive modeling capabilities are combined to address real-world problems in planning, resource management, environmental assessment, urban development, and disaster management. At its core, an SDSS consists of several interrelated components. The first is the spatial database, which stores geographic and attribute data related to the area of interest. This can include data ___ ___ ___ _________ _______ ________ ___ _________ ___ _____.
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