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New social movements refer to collective forms of action that emerged prominently after the 1960s in many parts of the world, including India. Unlike earlier movements that mainly focused on economic redistribution, class struggle, or political power, new social movements emphasize issues of identity, culture, environment, human rights, gender justice, peace, ethnicity, and quality of life. They reflect the changing nature of society, where social inequalities are not confined to class alone but also involve caste, gender, religion, ethnicity, sexuality, and ecological concerns. In India, these movements gained momentum in the post-independence period with the expansion of democracy, education, civil society organizations, and communication networks. The concept of new social movements is associated with the shift from material concerns to post-material concerns. These movements seek social transformation through democratic participation, awareness generation, legal reforms, and public mobilization rather than through revolutionary seizure of state power. They question dominant structures of power and advocate greater inclusion, equality, dignity, and environmental sustainability. One of the major features of new social movements is their focus on ___ ____ _________ ___ ______ _________.
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