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The Parliament of India occupies a central role in the constitutional framework of the country, functioning as the supreme legislative body and a key institution in upholding the principles of democracy. It embodies the idea of representative government, where citizens elect members to legislate, oversee the administration, and safeguard constitutional rights. The Indian Parliament operates within the framework of a constitutional government, wherein its composition, powers, and functions are clearly delineated in the Constitution of India. Structurally, it is a bicameral legislature, consisting of two houses: the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States). This two-tier structure reflects the federal character of the nation while ensuring direct and indirect representation of the people. The Lok Sabha, often referred to as the lower house, represents the people directly. Its composition is determined by population, ensuring proportional representation from various states and union territories. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected through a system of universal adult suffrage, whereby every citizen of India above the age of 18 has the right to vote. The maximum strength of the Lok Sabha is 552 members, with 530 representing states, up to 20 representing union territories, and two nominated members from the Anglo-Indian community (although this provision has been abolished by the 104th Constitutional Amendment in 2019). The tenure of the Lok Sabha is five years, unless dissolved sooner, which provides a mechanism for periodic electoral accountability to the electorate. The presiding officer, known as the Speaker, ensures orderly conduct of business and maintains neutrality while facilitating legislative discussions. The Rajya Sabha, in contrast, represents the states and union territories indirectly and functions as the upper house of Parliament. Its composition is determined through proportional representation by the elected members of state legislative assemblies using __________ ___ _______ ___ _________ __________ __________ ____ ________.
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