Explain the changing norms for citizen’s participation in public administration. 

Citizen participation in public administration has undergone significant transformation over the years, driven by shifts in societal norms, advances in technology, and evolving state dynamics. This evolution reflects a growing recognition of the need for more inclusive, transparent, and accountable governance that aligns with democratic ideals. Public administration, traditionally seen as the domain of bureaucratic experts, is increasingly opening up to participatory mechanisms that empower citizens as active stakeholders. Below, the changing norms for citizen participation in public administration are discussed with reference to state, society, and public administration perspectives. 

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### Changing Role of the State in Citizen Participation

The state has shifted from a *paternalistic model* to a *collaborative governance model*, emphasizing decentralization, empowerment, and citizen engagement. This transition is marked by key changes:

1. From Centralization to Decentralization:
   - Historically, states operated through centralized systems where decision-making rested with a select group of officials. Over time, decentralization has enabled greater citizen engagement through local governance mechanisms, such as municipal councils, panchayati raj institutions, and regional development committees.
   - Decentralized governance ensures that decision-making is closer to the citizens, encouraging grassroots participation in public service delivery, policy formulation, and development planning.

2. Emphasis on Co-Governance:
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