Explain the causes and pathophysiology of lower GI bleeding.

Lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding refers to bleeding that originates from the colon, rectum, or anus. It can result from a variety of conditions, and understanding its causes and pathophysiology is crucial for effective critical care management.

Causes:
1. Hemorrhoids: These are swollen blood vessels in the rectum or anus, often caused by increased pressure during bowel movements, leading to rectal bleeding.
2. Anal Fissures: Small tears in the skin around the anus can result in painful bleeding during or after bowel movements.
3. Diverticulosis: The formation of small pouches (diverticula) _________ __________ ____ ___ __________ _____ _________.
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