Explain the causes and pathophysiology of lower GI bleeding.

Lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding refers to bleeding that originates from the colon, rectum, or anus. It can result from a variety of conditions, and understanding its causes and pathophysiology is crucial for effective critical care management.

Causes:
1. Hemorrhoids: These are swollen blood vessels in the rectum or anus, often caused by increased pressure during bowel movements, leading to rectal bleeding.
2. Anal Fissures: Small tears in the skin around the anus can result in painful bleeding during or after bowel movements.
3. Diverticulosis: The formation of small pouches (diverticula) in the colon wall can cause bleeding, particularly in older adults. Diverticular bleeding usually occurs when a diverticulum ruptures.
4. Colorectal Cancer: Tumors in the colon or rectum can lead to bleeding, often detected as blood in the stool. These tumors can also ulcerate or erode _____ ________ __________ ________ _______ ______ _______ ____.
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