Explain the causes and effects of earthquakes.

Earthquakes are natural phenomena that result from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust, creating seismic waves that cause the ground to shake. They are one of the most significant environmental hazards, and their causes and effects can have devastating consequences for both human populations and the environment. Earthquakes can lead to loss of life, destruction of infrastructure, and long-lasting environmental impacts. To understand the causes and effects of earthquakes, it is essential to examine the processes that trigger them and the wide range of consequences they have.

Causes of Earthquakes:

The primary cause of earthquakes is the movement of the Earth's tectonic plates. The Earth's lithosphere is divided into large, rigid pieces known as tectonic plates, which float on the semi-fluid asthenosphere beneath them. These plates are constantly in motion due to the heat-driven convection currents in the mantle. When plates interact at their boundaries, stress builds up over time, which can eventually be released as seismic energy, resulting in an earthquake. The main causes of earthquakes are categorized into several types of plate boundary interactions:

1. Subduction Zones:
   Subduction zones are regions where one tectonic plate is forced under another. This occurs at convergent boundaries where a denser oceanic plate is subducted beneath a lighter continental plate or another oceanic plate. As the subducting plate sinks into the mantle, it causes intense pressure and friction, which can result in large earthquakes. These earthquakes are often very deep and can be associated with volcanic activity. A notable example of an earthquake caused by subduction is the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake in Japan.

2. Transform Boundaries:
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