Explain the Calvin cycle pathway for carbon fixation.

The Calvin cycle, also known as the Calvin-Benson cycle, is a fundamental biochemical pathway in plant biochemistry that plays a crucial role in carbon fixation during photosynthesis. It is the process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) is converted into organic molecules that plants use for energy and growth. The cycle occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts and can be divided into three main phases: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration.

### 1. Carbon Fixation

The Calvin cycle begins with the fixation of CO₂. This step is catalyzed by the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), which is one of the most abundant proteins on Earth. RuBisCO facilitates ____ _________ __________ _______ ______ __________ ________.
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