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Bioleaching is an environmentally friendly biotechnological process that utilizes microorganisms to extract metals from their ores. It offers an alternative to conventional methods such as smelting, which often generate toxic by-products and contribute to environmental pollution. In bioleaching, specific bacteria or archaea facilitate the solubilization of metals by oxidizing metal sulfides into soluble metal sulfates, which can then be recovered from the solution. This process is particularly useful for low-grade ores that are economically unviable for traditional mining techniques. One of the most common examples of bioleaching is the extraction of copper from its sulfide ores. *Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans* is a chemolithotrophic bacterium widely used for this purpose. It oxidizes ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) to _____ __________ _____ ___ _____.
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