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Kranz anatomy is a distinctive structural adaptation found in the leaves of C4 plants such as maize, sugarcane, sorghum, and many tropical grasses. The term “Kranz” is derived from a German word meaning “wreath,” which describes the concentric arrangement of tissues around the vascular bundles. In this type of anatomy, the vascular bundles are surrounded by a prominent layer of large, thick-walled bundle sheath cells, which in turn are encircled by mesophyll cells. This specialized organization is closely associated with the C4 pathway of photosynthesis and plays a crucial role in improving photosynthetic efficiency. In leaves with Kranz anatomy, mesophyll cells are arranged loosely with intercellular spaces and contain chloroplasts that are usually ______ __________ ______ ____ __________ ___.
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