Explain keratinization in terrestrial vertebrates.

Keratinization in terrestrial vertebrates is a crucial adaptation that helps in minimizing water loss, protecting the body from environmental stressors, and preventing mechanical damage. It refers to the process by which epithelial cells in the skin and other tissues become filled with the protein keratin, leading to the formation of a tough, protective outer layer. This process is particularly significant for vertebrates _______ _______ ____ ____ __________ ___.
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