Explain industrial melanism and genetic repatterning during isolation with examples.

Industrial melanism refers to the phenomenon where darker-colored individuals of a species become more common in industrial areas due to environmental changes caused by pollution. This phenomenon is particularly prominent in species of moths, such as the Biston betularia (peppered moth), which is often used as a prime example of industrial melanism. In the early stages of the Industrial Revolution in England, the environment in urban areas became heavily polluted with soot and other industrial byproducts, darkening the tree trunks and other surfaces where moths rested. Prior to industrialization, the majority of the B. betularia population was light-colored, which provided camouflage against predators on the light-colored bark of trees. However, as the environment darkened due to pollution, these light-colored moths became more visible to predators, leading to a higher mortality rate.

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