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Antigen processing through endocytic pathways is a fundamental mechanism by which exogenous antigens are captured, degraded, and presented to T lymphocytes, primarily via major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. This pathway operates mainly in professional antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes, enabling effective activation of CD4⁺ T helper cells. Antigens are initially internalized from the extracellular environment through various ____ ______ _________ __________ ____ _____.
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