Explain factors responsible for pricing of e-books and e-journals.

The pricing of e-books and e-journals is influenced by various factors, which are rooted in both the technological and economic aspects of the publishing and information dissemination industries. These factors determine how much consumers and institutions pay for electronic resources and affect the overall accessibility of digital content. The major factors responsible for the pricing of e-books and e-journals include production costs, licensing, market demand, distribution, content quality, and the role of intermediaries.

1. Production Costs: The production costs of e-books and e-journals are typically lower compared to their print counterparts. This is because e-books and e-journals do not require physical printing, paper, or distribution logistics. However, production costs still include expenses such as digital formatting, editing, copyright clearance, and the creation of metadata ________ ________ ______ ___ _________ ______ __________ ______ ____ ____ ___.
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