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Agriculture in India, being a primary source of livelihood for a significant portion of the population, faces several structural and operational challenges that constrain its growth and sustainability. One major issue of concern is low productivity. Despite India being one of the largest producers of food grains globally, productivity per hectare for many crops remains low compared to global standards. This is due to factors such as dependence on monsoon, insufficient adoption of modern technology, outdated farming practices, and limited access to high-quality seeds and fertilizers. Low productivity not only affects farmers’ income but also limits food security and the potential for export growth. A second concern is fragmentation of land holdings. Indian agriculture is characterized by small and marginal farms, with the majority of farmers owning less than two hectares of land. This fragmentation reduces economies of scale, making mechanization, irrigation, and __________ ____ _______ __________ _______.
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