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Indian agriculture continues to remain the backbone of the economy, employing a significant portion of the population and contributing to food security. However, despite its importance, the sector is plagued by persistent challenges that affect both productivity and the welfare of farmers. Four major issues of concern stand out clearly in the contemporary policy and development discourse. The first major concern is low productivity and yield levels in comparison to global standards. While India is one of the largest producers of several crops, the yield per hectare for crops such as rice, wheat, and maize is far below that of countries like China or the United States. This can be attributed to multiple factors, including inadequate access to quality seeds, limited adoption of modern technologies, soil degradation, water stress, and small landholdings that prevent economies of scale. As a result, Indian farmers struggle to generate higher income despite producing large volumes. The second issue is market volatility and price instability. Farmers are highly dependent on monsoon conditions and face fluctuations in both domestic and international markets. Often, a bumper harvest results in a price crash, leaving farmers unable to recover even their input costs. The absence of sufficient storage facilities and effective supply chain mechanisms further exacerbates this problem, as perishable commodities like vegetables and fruits suffer huge post-harvest losses. Although minimum support price (MSP) is meant to provide ______ _______ _________ ______ __________ ________ _____ _______ ____ _____ ________ ________.
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