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Prakṛtiparināman or Prakṛtiparinānavāda is a central concept in the Samkhya philosophy, one of the six classical schools of Indian philosophy. Samkhya, traditionally attributed to sage Kapila, is a dualistic system that posits the existence of two ultimate realities: Puruṣa (consciousness) and Prakṛti (primordial matter or nature). While Puruṣa represents pure awareness, Prakṛti is the unconscious, dynamic principle that underlies the manifest universe. The doctrine of Prakṛtiparināman specifically deals with the process by which the unmanifest Prakṛti evolves or transforms into the manifold empirical world of experience. According to Samkhya, Prakṛti is the fundamental substratum of all material existence. It is composed of three guṇas or qualities: sattva, rajas, and tamas. Sattva represents harmony, clarity, and balance; rajas embodies activity, passion, and movement; tamas signifies inertia, darkness, and resistance. In its unmanifest state, Prakṛti is in equilibrium, where the three guṇas are perfectly balanced. This equilibrium prevents any manifestation, keeping the potential of creation latent. Prakṛtiparināman begins when this equilibrium is disturbed, typically due to the proximity of Puruṣa, which acts as a passive witness but catalyzes the transformation of Prakṛti. Once disturbed, Prakṛti undergoes evolution, generating a sequence of tattvas or fundamental principles that constitute the cosmos, from the subtle to the gross, mental to material. The process of evolution in Samkhya is explained in a structured order. Initially, from Prakṛti arises Mahat, the great principle or cosmic intelligence, also referred to as Buddhi. Buddhi is characterized by sattva predominance and serves as the basis of discernment and knowledge. Following Mahat is Ahamkāra, the sense of ego or “I-consciousness,” dominated by rajas. Ahamkāra then differentiates into three primary streams aligned __________ ___ ______ _____ ____ _________ _____ _______.
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