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The Portuguese trade in India, which began at the start of the 16th century, marked a significant phase in the history of European engagement with the Indian subcontinent. It was characterized by both commercial ambitions and strategic military interventions. The arrival of Vasco da Gama in Calicut in 1498 opened the gateway for direct maritime trade between Europe and India, bypassing traditional overland routes dominated by Arab and Venetian merchants. The primary aim of the Portuguese was to control the lucrative spice trade, which was highly profitable in European markets. Spices such as pepper, cloves, _______ ________ _____ ____ ____ ________.
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