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The feminist approach to peace emerged as a critical response to traditional theories of peace and security that were largely shaped by male-centric perspectives and state-centric concerns. It challenges the assumption that peace is merely the absence of war and instead emphasizes peace as a condition of social justice, equality, and freedom from all forms of violence, including structural, cultural, and everyday violence experienced disproportionately by women. Feminist scholars argue that without addressing gender inequalities embedded in social, political, and economic systems, any notion of peace remains partial and fragile. A central argument of the feminist approach is that conventional peace theories prioritize militarized security and diplomatic negotiations dominated by male elites, while ignoring the lived experiences of women and marginalized groups. Feminists highlight that women experience conflict differently from men, often facing sexual violence, displacement, loss of livelihood, and increased domestic burdens during and after conflicts. These experiences are not incidental but are rooted in patriarchal power structures that normalize violence against women. Thus, feminist peace theory broadens the understanding of violence to include domestic violence, economic deprivation, and political exclusion as integral to the peace–conflict continuum. The feminist approach also critiques the public–private divide that has historically shaped peace and conflict studies. Traditional frameworks focus on violence in the public sphere, such as wars between states or armed groups, while ignoring violence in the private sphere, such as domestic abuse and sexual exploitation. Feminist thinkers argue that peace cannot exist in the _______ ___ ___ ________ ______ ________ __________ ________ ______ _____.
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