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The social reform movement in India during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was a response to the social, religious, and cultural challenges posed by colonial rule, internal decay, and the need for modernization. The period witnessed the emergence of a new awareness among Indians regarding issues such as caste discrimination, the position of women, education, religious orthodoxy, and social customs, which were seen as impediments to the progress of the society. Social reform in India cannot be understood separately from the Hindu Renaissance, as both phenomena were closely intertwined. The Hindu Renaissance refers to a period of intellectual awakening within Hindu society, characterized by a critical engagement with traditional religious practices and a reinterpretation of religious texts in the light of reason, morality, and modernity. The roots of social reform in India can be traced to the encounter with Western ideas brought by British colonial administration, Christian missionaries, and exposure to European education. Reformers began to question traditional practices such as sati, child marriage, polygamy, caste restrictions, untouchability, and the denial of education to women. They emphasized rationality, humanism, and ethical responsibility ______ ________ __________ _________ ______ ____.
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