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Talcott Parsons' functionalist theory presents society as a system of interrelated parts working together to maintain stability, equilibrium, and social order. He emphasizes that each social institution—family, education, religion, economy, and polity—performs specific functions that contribute to the overall stability of the system. Parsons’ approach assumes that societies naturally tend toward consensus and harmony, and that social structures are inherently functional, serving to meet the needs of both individuals and the collective. However, Robert K. Merton critiqued Parsons’ model by highlighting several limitations and offering refinements to functionalist theory. Merton argued that Parsons’ perspective is overly abstract and deterministic. Parsons tends to assume that all social structures are inherently functional, ignoring the possibility of dysfunction or negative consequences. Merton introduced ________ ______ _____ ________ _________ _______ ________ ____ _______ _______ ______.
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