Examine Berkley’s refutation of materialism

George Berkeley, an 18th-century Irish philosopher, is well-known for his philosophical system known as "idealism" or "immaterialism." Berkeley's philosophy involves a robust refutation of materialism, the view that the physical world, composed of material substances, is the ultimate reality. Here, we'll examine Berkeley's arguments against materialism:

1. The Immateriality of Ideas: Berkeley's idealism begins with his claim that the only things that exist are minds (spirits) and their ideas. He argues that everything we know or ________ ____ __________ _____ ________ _________ ______ ___ ______ ____ _______.
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