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The forest policies implemented by the British colonial government in India fundamentally transformed the relationship between tribal communities and forests. Before colonial rule, forests were common resources managed through customary laws and traditional institutions. Tribal societies depended on forests for food, fuel, fodder, medicine, hunting, shifting cultivation, and cultural practices. The colonial administration, however, viewed forests primarily as sources of revenue and raw materials for industries, railways, and shipbuilding. Consequently, forest policies prioritized state control over traditional rights, resulting in widespread social, economic, and cultural disruption among tribal populations. The first systematic intervention came with the Indian Forest Policy of 1894, although earlier legislative measures such as the Indian Forest Acts of 1865 and 1878 had already established government ownership over extensive forest lands. The Forest Act of 1878 classified forests into Reserved Forests, Protected Forests, and Village Forests. Reserved Forests were placed under strict state control, and _____ _____ ______ _________ ___ ____ _________ _____ _______ ________ ____.
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