Estimating health risks.

Estimating health risks in environmental toxicology involves assessing the potential adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents on human health. The process typically includes hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Hazard identification determines whether a substance has the potential to cause harm based on available toxicological data from laboratory studies, epidemiological research, or case _________ ___ _________ _______ _____ _________ ______.
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