Elaborate the structure and roles of microtubules.

Microtubules are hollow, cylindrical structures composed of tubulin protein subunits. They are one of the three primary components of the cytoskeleton, along with actin filaments and intermediate filaments, and play essential roles in maintaining cell shape, enabling intracellular transport, and facilitating cell division.

Structurally, microtubules are made up of tubulin dimers, which consist of two closely related proteins: alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin. These dimers assemble into a linear protofilament, and several protofilaments align side by side to form a hollow tube. The arrangement of these protofilaments gives microtubules their characteristic rigidity and structure. Each microtubule has inherent polarity, with a plus (+) end and a minus (–) end. The plus end is typically the site of faster tubulin addition and is often oriented towards the cell periphery, while the minus end is ________ _____ _____ ____ ____ ___.
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