Elaborate the principle and applications of the following:

a) LC/MS

b) UPLC

a) LC/MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry):

Principle:
LC/MS is a powerful analytical technique that combines the physical separation capabilities of liquid chromatography (LC) with the mass spectrometry (MS) for qualitative and quantitative analysis of compounds. In LC, a sample is injected into a chromatographic column packed with a stationary phase, and mobile phase (solvent) is passed through it. The sample components are separated based on their differing interactions with the stationary phase and the mobile phase. The mobile phase's composition, temperature, and flow rate can be varied to optimize separation.

Once the components are separated, they enter the mass spectrometer. In the MS part, the sample undergoes ionization (either electrospray ionization (ESI) or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) are commonly used), where molecules are converted into charged ions. These ions are then analyzed based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) using a mass analyzer (e.g., quadrupole, ion trap, or time-of-flight mass spectrometer). The resulting mass spectra provide information about the molecular weight and structure of the analytes.

Applications:
LC/MS has a wide range of applications in various fields:

1. Pharmaceutical Industry: LC/MS is crucial in drug _____ ____ __________ __________ __________ ___ _____ _____ ______.
_____ __________ ____ __________ ______ ________ _________ ________ ____ ________ ______.
__________ ___ _______ ___ _________ _______ ____.
__________ _________ ______ ____ ____ ___ __________.
__________ __________ ____ ________ _______ _____ __________ ___.
__________ __________ ___ _________ _________ ______.
____ ___ _______ ______ _________ ___ ___ ___ _____ ________ ____.
______ _____ ______ ______ ____ _________ ________ _____ ________ ___.
______ ________ __________ ___ ___ _________ __________ _______ ____ __________ ___ __________.
_____ ___ ______ _______ _________ __________ ______ _____ ___.
_________ ______ ___ _____ _____ __________ _____ ___ __________.
___ ____ ________ _______ ___ _____ __________.
________ ___ _______ _____ ____ __________ ___ ______ ___.
___ _____ ________ ________ _________ _____.
_____ _____ ____ _______ _____ ____ __________ __________ _____ ________ _______.
____ ___ _______ ______ _________ _________ __________ _____ __________ ____ _________.
________ __________ ____ ___ _____ ________ _____ _______ _____ _______ _____.
_________ _________ ______ _____ _______ ________ _____ ________ ____.
________ _______ ___ _________ ________.
_____ _______ __________ _________ _________ _______ ____ _______ ______ ____.
_________ _________ __________ ________ ____.
_______ _______ ________ ______ _________ _____ ____ ___ _______ _____.
__________ ____ _____ ___ _______ _____.
_____ _________ ________ _____ _____ ______ ___ __________.
______ _________ ______ ________ ____ _______.
_________ _________ ________ _____ _____ ______ _____ _____ _____.
___ __________ ________ _________ ____ ______ __________ __________ _____ ______ ____ _________.
_____ ____ ____ ________ _______ ______ ________ _________ ______ _____.
_______ ______ _______ _____ _______ ____.
_______ ____ ____ _____ __________ ________.
_______ ________ ____ _________ _________ _________ ____.
_______ ___ __________ _________ _____ _____ __________ ______.
__________ _____ ___ _______ ____ ______.
_______ ______ ________ ____ _________ ____ __________.
______ _________ ________ _______ _________ _________ ____.
_________ ______ ________ _______ ____ ____ ____ ___ ________ _____.
___ __________ ____ ______ _______ _________ ______ ___ ________ _______ __________ _________.
________ _____ ______ _________ ________ ________ __________ _______ ________ _______.
__________ _____ ___ ___ _____ ____ __________ ______ _________ _______ ________ _______.
_______ ________ _______ ______ ________ __________ ____ ______ ___ _________ _______ ___.
__________ ___ _________ ___ _________ ___ _________ _________.
_______ ____ ______ _________ ___.
__________ ___ _________ ________ ___ ____ _________ ____ _____ __________ __________ _________.
__________ ___ _________ _________ ______ ___ __________.
________ _____ ______ _______ _____ _________ _________ ________ ________ ______ ________ _________.
______ _______ ____ ________ ______ _______ ___ _____.
_______ _________ _______ _______ ____ __________ _________ _____ _____ __________ __________ _____.
_____ _________ _________ _______ ________ _________ ____ ___ _______ _______.
_____ ___ _______ ____ _________ _______ ________ ________.
__________ ________ __________ ______ __________ ______ ____ ______ _______ ___ __________ ____.
___ _______ __________ ____ _______.
_______ __________ ________ _________ ________ ________ _________ ____ ________ _________ __________.
_______ ____ _______ ______ _____ _______ ______ _________ ________.
________ ____ _________ ______ ____ ________ ____ ______ ____ ____ _______ ________.
____ _____ ______ __________ _________ ____ ____ _______ _________.
___ _________ __________ ______ ________ ____ ___ ____ _______ ______ ______ _____.
_______ _____ ______ ________ _____ ____ _________ __________ _________ _________.
____ _______ ________ _______ ________.
______ _________ ___ ____ _______ _____ ______.
____ ____ ________ _________ _________ ______ __________ ___ _________.
___ ________ ___ ___ ___ ___ ______.
_______ _________ _______ __________ ______ _________ ___ ________ _______.
____ ______ __________ _____ ________ ___ _____ _____ ___.
______ ______ __________ __________ __________ __________.
Get Full Answer on WhatsApp