Elaborate the prevention strategies to prevent HIV infection from pregnant mother to her child

There are several preventive strategies that reduce, or may reduce, the risk of a mother passing her HIV infection to her unborn infant. These include antiretroviral medication, proper nutrition, replacement feeding for infants, intra-partum management, elective caesarean section and vaginal lavage.

Antiretroviral Therapy
The chances that an HIV infected woman will transmit HIV infection to her infant are greatly reduced by using antiretroviral (ARV) drug therapy.

Nutrition
The importance of good nutrition should be stressed to the mother throughout her pregnancy. Lack of adequate nutrition has been shown to increase the rate of transmission of HIV from a mother to her baby. Infants become infected because their mothers either do not have enough food to eat (low caloric intake) or are not eating the right types of foods (poor micronutrient status).

Good nutrition helps the body fight infections, enhances pregnancy outcomes (proper birth-weight babies, decreased infant mortality), enables HIV-fighting drugs to work properly and, in some cases, may ease drug related side effects. Pregnant women should also be educated about the importance of following food and water safety precautions to avoid contamination and subsequent infections (see Annex V).

Breastfeeding
For women who are not infected with HIV or who do not know their status (i.e. have not yet been tested for HIV), breastfeeding is the best infant feeding choice. Breastfeeding provides many benefits for the mother and the baby.

It protects infants against respiratory and intestinal infections, allergies and diarrhoea due to anti-infective properties in breast milk, and

• Provides important nutrients and antibodies
• Reduces the risk of postpartum haemorrhage
• Enhances the physical and emotional health of mother and infant
• Promotes birth/family spacing
• Promotes correct teeth, jaw and speech development

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