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Water treatment plants are designed to make raw water safe for human consumption by removing physical, chemical, and biological impurities. The treatment process differs for surface water and groundwater because their quality characteristics are different. Surface water obtained from rivers, lakes, and reservoirs generally contains suspended solids, microorganisms, algae, and organic matter, requiring extensive treatment. Groundwater is usually clearer and free from most suspended impurities but may contain dissolved minerals such as iron, manganese, fluoride, arsenic, and hardness-causing salts. The following flowcharts illustrate the standard treatment processes used in smart ___ ______ __________ _________ _________ _____ ___ _____ ________.
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