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DNA profiling is a scientific technique used to identify individuals based on the unique characteristics of their DNA. In practicing anthropology, DNA profiling has become an indispensable tool for understanding human identity, biological relationships, population history, and forensic investigations. It has significantly enhanced the scope of physical and molecular anthropology by providing accurate genetic information that complements traditional anthropometric and osteological methods. DNA, or Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is the hereditary material present in the nucleus of nearly all human cells. Although more than 99% of human DNA is identical, certain regions exhibit considerable variation among individuals. These variable regions, known as polymorphic markers, form the basis of DNA profiling. Except for identical twins, every individual possesses a unique DNA profile, making the technique highly reliable for identification. The process of DNA profiling involves several systematic steps. First, biological samples such as blood, saliva, hair roots, semen, bones, teeth, or tissue are collected. DNA is then extracted from these samples _______ _________ ________ _____ ______.
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